Microplastic threat to human health

Plastic has become an essential part of daily life due to its availability, low cost, and durability. However, as plastic usage in Bangladesh increases, so does the production of plastic waste which is not being managed effectively. This mismanagement poses serious health and environmental risks to the country.
According to a World Bank report, per capita plastic usage in Bangladesh rose from 3.0 kg in 2005 to 9.0 kg by 2020, yet only 30 per cent of plastic waste is recycled. While this is lower than the over 100 kg per capita plastic usage in Europe, Bangladesh faces severer plastic pollution due to inadequate waste management.
Bangladesh made history in 2002 by becoming the first country to ban plastic shopping bags. However, use of plastic and polythene bags, after initial restraints, has surged again.
Of particular concern is microplastics-tiny plastic particles smaller than 5.0 millimeters. These particles come from everyday items like cosmetics, synthetic clothing, and large plastic waste breaking down over time. Studies in Bangladesh have detected microplastics in salt, sugar, tea bags, fish, and even in the air of Dhaka. Microplastics can enter the human body through food, water, inhalation, and skin absorption.
Research has found microplastics in eight out of twelve human organ systems, including the cardiovascular, respiratory, and reproductive systems. These particles have been detected in human semen, stool, urine, and breast milk. Plastics pose a significant health risk, leading to various diseases, disabilities and even premature death.
The harmful effects of plastics begin in the womb, causing issues like miscarriage and low birth weight, and continue throughout life, contributing to cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders, lung diseases, and more. Despite extensive research on plastics, the effects of microplastics on human health are still not fully understood. However, studies have linked microplastics to inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and even increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
Recently, a positive development occurred when the office of the chief advisor of the interim government declared the state guest house, Jamuna, a plastic bottle-free zone. Glass jugs and glasses have replaced plastic bottles. This initiative is a right step towards reducing plastic use across Bangladesh.
Dr. Md Golam Mostafa- MBBS, BCS(Health)
Student-Master of Public Health(MPH)
National Institute of Preventive & Social Medicine (NIPSOM), Dhaka
[email protected]