Spl snake antivenom made from man bitten 200 times

NEW YORK, May 03 (BBC): The blood of a US man who deliberately injected himself with snake venom for nearly two decades has led to an "unparalleled" antivenom, say scientists.
Antibodies found in Tim Friede's blood have been shown to protect against fatal doses from a wide range of species in animal tests. Current therapies have to match the specific species of venomous snake anyone has been bitten by.
But Mr Friede's 18-year mission could be a significant step in finding a universal antivenom against all snakebites - which kill up to 140,000 people a year and leave three times as many needing amputations or facing permanent disability.
In total, Mr Friede has endured more than 200 bites and more than 700 injections of venom he prepared from some of the world's deadliest snakes, including multiple species of mambas, cobras, taipans and kraits.
He initially wanted to build up his immunity to protect himself when handling snakes, documenting his exploits on YouTube.
But the former truck mechanic said that he had "completely screwed up" early on when two cobra bites in quick succession left him in a coma.
"I didn't want to die. I didn't want to lose a finger. I didn't want to miss work," he told the BBC.
Mr Friede's motivation was to develop better therapies for the rest of the world, explaining: "It just became a lifestyle and I just kept pushing and pushing and pushing as hard as I could push - for the people who are 8,000 miles away from me who die from snakebite".
Antivenom is currently made by injecting small doses of snake venom into animals, such as horses. Their immune system fights the venom by producing antibodies and these are harvested to be used as a therapy.
But venom and antivenom have to be closely matched because the toxins in a venomous bite vary from one species to another.
There is even wide variety within the same species - antivenom made from snakes in India is less effective against the same species in Sri Lanka.
A team of researchers began searching for a type of immune defence called broadly neutralising antibodies. Instead of targeting the part of a toxin that makes it unique, they target the parts that are common to entire classes of toxin.
That's when Dr Jacob Glanville, chief executive of biotech company Centivax, came across Tim Friede.
"Immediately I was like 'if anybody in the world has developed these broadly neutralising antibodies, it's going to be him' and so I reached out," he said. "The first call, I was like 'this might be awkward, but I'd love to get my hands on some of your blood'."
Mr Friede agreed and the work was given ethical approval because the study would only take blood, rather than giving him more venom.
The research focused on elapids - one of the two families of venomous snakes - such as coral snakes, mambas, cobras, taipans and kraits.
Elapids primarily use neurotoxins in their venom, which paralyses their victim and is fatal when it stops the muscles needed to breathe.
Researchers picked 19 elapids identified by the World Health Organization as being among the deadliest snakes on the planet. They then began scouring Mr Friede's blood for protective defences.
Their work, detailed in the journal Cell, identified two broadly neutralising antibodies that could target two classes of neurotoxin. They added in a drug that targets a third to make their antivenom cocktail.