Democracy in chains

Democracy is often addressed as the ultimate system for raising equality, inclusivity, and meritocracy, a governance model that embodies the collective will of the people. Yet in Bangladesh, the ideal of democracy is overshadowed by a deeply entrenched culture of hereditary politics, where political dynasties dominate and limit opportunities for new leaders. This legacy not only suppresses innovation but also restricts the social and economic development critical to the nation's progress.

Since gaining independence in 1971, Bangladesh's political landscape has been overwhelmingly shaped by the enduring dominance of two families: the Sheikhs and the Zias. Sheikh Hasina, daughter of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, and Khaleda Zia, widow of former President Ziaur Rahman, have alternated in power for decades. Both women transitioned from private lives to commanding the political stage, leaving an undeniable imprint on the nation's history. However, their dominance also symbolises the entrenchment of dynastic politics, where political heritage frequently hides merit as the primary qualification for leadership.

This dynastic cycle shows no signs of weakening. Potential successors such as Tarique Rahman, Khaleda Zia's son, and Sajeeb Wazed Joy, Sheikh Hasina's son, loom on the horizon, poised to inherit the reins of power. This raises fundamental questions about the inclusivity and fairness of Bangladesh's democratic system. The exclusion of competent individuals from outside these elite families perpetuates a culture where power is handed down like a family heirloom, stifling creativity and reducing the diversity of leadership essential for a thriving democracy.

True democracy should be a system where leadership is accessible to all citizens who possess the vision and competence to govern. In Bangladesh, however, political hierarchies are heavily influenced by allegiance to familial dynasties, leaving limited room for promising individuals to rise. Talented and dynamic leaders with innovative ideas are often relegated to the margins, unable to navigate a system that prizes loyalty to entrenched families over merit. This exclusion is not only frustrating for aspiring leaders but detrimental to the nation's broader development, depriving it of the energy and innovation that new perspectives bring.

The impact of hereditary politics extends far beyond the corridors of power, eroding the foundational principles of meritocracy. Leadership positions, increasingly reserved for a privileged few, send a demoralising message to the wider population-that connections exceed competence. This normalisation of inherited power has ripple effects across sectors such as business, academia, and civil society, where familial ties often overshadow skills and qualifications. The resulting inefficiency and inequality entrench societal divisions, hampering the country's ability to achieve equitable growth and sustainable development.

Economic progress, a cornerstone of national development, also suffers under the weight of hereditary democracy. Effective leadership requires prioritising national interests over personal or familial gains, yet dynastic politics often fosters a short-term, self-preserving outlook. Leaders who ascend to power through inheritance, rather than earned merit, are frequently ill-prepared to address complex economic challenges. Furthermore, the concentration of power among a small elite exacerbates corruption. Decisions about resource allocation are often influenced by personal loyalties rather than strategic, merit-based considerations, leading to inefficiencies and deepening social inequities. This cycle not only impairs policy implementation but also marginalises vast segments of the population, widening the gap between the privileged few and the broader citizenry.

Addressing the pervasive issue of hereditary democracy in Bangladesh requires a multifaceted approach that combines political reform, public engagement, and cultural transformation. Political parties must lead the charge by embracing internal democratic practices. Leadership positions should be filled through transparent and competitive processes, ensuring that candidates are selected based on merit rather than familial affiliation. By democratising their structures, political parties can empower talented individuals from diverse backgrounds to contribute meaningfully to governance.

Raising public awareness about the detrimental effects of hereditary politics is equally crucial. Citizens need to understand the risks of normalising political inheritance and advocate for leaders chosen for their abilities and commitment to public service. Open public discourse, emphasising merit, accountability, and transparency, can challenge entrenched norms and empower voters to demand better leadership. An informed electorate can act as a robust check on political dynasties, insisting on governance that serves the collective good rather than personal or familial interests.

Institutional reform is indispensable in curbing the influence of political dynasties. Strong, independent institutions such as the judiciary, a free press, and an active civil society can act as safeguards against the over-concentration of power. Electoral reforms, including stricter regulations on campaign financing, enhanced voter protections, and measures to ensure a level playing field for all candidates, can further strengthen democratic integrity. By ensuring fair competition, such reforms encourage participation from a broader spectrum of society, enriching the political landscape with diverse perspectives and ideas.

Engaging youth is another critical element in breaking the cycle of hereditary politics. Young people represent a wellspring of potential innovation and progress. Providing platforms for youth participation and leadership development can nurture a generation committed to reforming outdated political structures. Youth-led movements and initiatives can play a transformative role, advocating for accountability and championing merit-based leadership. These efforts can shift societal attitudes, fostering a political culture that values competence and inclusivity over familial loyalty.

Beyond structural reforms, Bangladesh needs a cultural shift to challenge the societal norms underpinning hereditary democracy. Citizens must reject the notion that leadership is a birthright and instead demand accountability, transparency, and commitment from their leaders. Education and awareness campaigns, grassroots movements, and public debates are essential tools for fostering critical thinking and empowering citizens to question entrenched power structures.

Lessons from other nations offer valuable insights into how Bangladesh can tackle hereditary democracy. Mexico, for example, broke free from the grip of dynastic politics with the help of electoral reforms and public dissatisfaction with corruption. The establishment of an independent electoral body and measures ensuring fair media access to candidates were instrumental in dismantling entrenched political networks. Indonesia's transition following the fall of Suharto provides another compelling example. Decentralisation efforts empowered local leaders who emerged based on merit, culminating in the election of Joko Widodo, a leader who rose from humble beginnings through proven governance capabilities.India, while still grappling with its share of dynastic politics, demonstrates the potential of grassroots mobilisation and public demand for performance-oriented leadership. Leaders like Narendra Modi have risen to prominence through merit and public trust, bypassing traditional political hierarchies. These examples underscore the importance of institutional reform, public engagement, and decentralisation in dismantling dynastic dominance and fostering inclusive governance.

Hereditary democracy remains one of the most significant barriers to Bangladesh's progress, stifling new leadership, eroding meritocracy, and impeding economic development. However, this challenge is far from insurmountable. By implementing robust reforms, raising public awareness, and fostering a cultural shift toward merit-based leadership, Bangladesh can break free from the constraints of dynastic politics. The collective will of the people is pivotal in embracing change and demanding leadership that reflects the aspirations of all citizens, not just a privileged few. Through sustained effort and a steadfast commitment to democratic principles, Bangladesh can pave the way for a more inclusive and dynamic future, unlocking the nation's full potential for generations to come.

Dr Mohammad Enamul Hoque is an economist and senior lecturer, University of Western Australia. [email protected]