Bangladesh is globally recognised as one of the most climate-vulnerable countries. Its geographic location, dense population, and dependence on climate-sensitive sectors such as agriculture and fisheries make it exceptionally exposed to the impacts of climate change. However, climate change is no longer only an environmental or economic concern, it has become a national security challenge with serious implications for social stability and regional relations.
Frequent natural disasters, cyclones, floods, and river erosion, displace millions, destroy livelihoods, and strain infrastructure. Rising sea levels and salinity intrusion threaten agriculture and drinking water, forcing rural populations into overcrowded cities like Dhaka and Chattogram. Unplanned urban growth leads to slums, poor sanitation, unemployment, and rising crime, fuelling social unrest and competition for scarce resources.
Food and water insecurity further compound the crisis. Agriculture, employing nearly 40 percent of the population, faces declining yields from erratic rainfall and saline soil, while changing river flows intensify water disputes. These pressures heighten tensions among communities and undermine social harmony. Public health is also at risk as floods and heatwaves trigger outbreaks of dengue, cholera, and other diseases, while disaster-hit populations suffer both physically and psychologically.
The military is increasingly drawn into disaster management, diverting resources from traditional security tasks. Climate change thus acts as a "threat multiplier," deepening poverty and instability, particularly among marginalized groups.
To address these risks, Bangladesh must integrate climate resilience into national security planning. Stronger early-warning systems, climate-resilient infrastructure, sustainable agriculture, and regional cooperation on shared water resources are essential. Above all, policymakers must treat climate change as a pressing security issue that demands urgent and coordinated action.
MD. Kamrujjaman Kiron
Student, Department of International Relations
University of Rajshahi
