We often discuss environmental pollution without giving due attention to soil pollution, despite soil being an integral part of the ecosystem. Soil pollution poses a significant challenge today, particularly in developing countries like Bangladesh, where our lives and livelihoods are inextricably linked with the health of the soil. Regrettably, we are unwittingly contributing to its degradation.
The excessive use of chemical fertilisers is deteriorating soil quality, leading to a decline in crop productivity. Improper disposal of plastics and polythene further exacerbates soil degradation. According to a UN report, industrial pollution, mining activities, agricultural practices, and inadequate waste management are the primary sources of soil contamination. These pollutants include inorganic substances like metals, cyanide, DDT, and various pesticides. This contamination not only threatens food and water security but also diminishes the soil's fertility and ability to sustain crop growth.
Forecasts suggest that chemical usage in agriculture could double by 2030, potentially resulting in a long-term reduction in food production. Uncontrolled pesticide application not only disrupts the soil's organic properties but also decimates essential microorganisms, further depleting soil fertility.
With the global population projected to reach 9 billion by 2050, including a substantial increase in Bangladesh, it is imperative to develop sustainable agricultural practices to ensure food security. Climate change is exacerbating biodiversity loss worldwide, a trend mirrored in Bangladesh due to pesticide and fossil fuel usage. Unregulated groundwater extraction further complicates this scenario.
Efforts are underway to address these challenges. Researchers are exploring methods to improve soil quality and promote biodiversity. Sustainable agricultural practices resilient to extreme weather conditions are being developed. Planned crop diversification, such as cultivating leguminous and bean crops to naturally enrich soil nitrogen levels, can significantly reduce reliance on artificial fertilisers like urea. Additionally, promoting rainwater conservation for surface water irrigation facilitates groundwater preservation.
Increasing the use of perennial flowers in agriculture not only provides food and shelter for insects but also enhances ecosystem resilience. However, the success of these initiatives requires widespread support. The government must incentivise organic farming, while public awareness of its benefits must be raised.
In conclusion, addressing soil pollution is vital for sustainable agriculture and food security. By adopting responsible farming practices and prioritising environmental conservation, we can safeguard the health of our soil and ensure a prosperous future for generations to come.
Shohana Nowrin,
Student, Geography and Environment
Dhaka University